They include the American Medical Association,[26] the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,[11] the AAP,[7][27][28] the Society for Adolescent Medicine,[8][29] the American Psychological Association,[30] the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health,[31][32] the Royal College of Psychiatrists,[33] the Canadian Paediatric Society[34] and the Australian Psychological Society,[35] as well as the United States' National Association of Secondary School Principals. Corporal punishment at school has been prohibited in folkskolestadgan (the elementary school ordinance) since 1 January 1958. Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, National Association of Secondary School Principals, History of youth rights in the United States, Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, Community Alliance for the Ethical Treatment of Youth, International Falcon Movement Socialist Educational International, National Union of Students LGBT+ Campaign, French petition against age of consent laws, Legal status of tattooing in European countries, Legal status of tattooing in the United States, Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, School corporal punishment in the United States, Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada, Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act 2007, Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education, R (Williamson) v Secretary of State for Education and Employment, School corporal punishment in global perspective: prevalence, outcomes, and efforts at intervention, Student/Parent Information Guide and Code of Conduct 2008-2009, "United Kingdom: Corporal punishment in schools", "Corporal punishment in schools: position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine", "Corporal punishment in U.S. public schools: Prevalence, disparities in use, and status in state and federal policy", "School corporal punishment in global perspective: prevalence, outcomes, and efforts at intervention", "Spanking Lives On In Rural Florida Schools", Education (Corporal Punishment) (Northern Ireland) Order 1987, "School Standards and Framework Act 1998", "North Korean Defectors Face Huge Challenges", "Chinese schools try to unlearn brutality", "More Harm Than Good: A Summary of Scientific Research on the Intended and Unintended Effects of Corporal Punishment on Children", "H-515.995 Corporal Punishment in Schools", "Guidance for effective discipline. [197], The implement used in many state and private schools in England and Wales was often a rattan cane, struck either across the student's hands, legs, or the clothed buttocks. a payoff from the government to withdraw the case. (6) NUT's main rival, the more male-dominated NASUWT,(7) campaigned aggressively in favour of keeping the cane. L. Rev. "Pants-down" punishment, not unknown in some private schools, was almost unheard of in the state sector in relatively modern times, especially from the 1960s onwards. [96], Corporal punishment in public schools was banned in 1914, but remained de facto commonplace until 1984, when a law banning all corporal punishment of minors, whether in schools or in the home, was introduced. See news report of 14 November 1992, Public schoolboy awarded 8,000 for caning ordeal, which includes a picture of Matthew, by then aged 25. [citation needed], Much of the traditional culture that surrounds corporal punishment in school, at any rate in the English-speaking world, derives largely from British practice in the 19th and 20th centuries, particularly as regards the caning of teenage boys. About half of all LEAs said that only women teachers could punish girls, but only two, Inner London and Oxfordshire, also laid down that only men could cane boys. At all events, I have to say that after over an hour's careful perusal I put this document down feeling completely unconvinced that these private schools should be prevented by law from mildly spanking their students when necessary, if that is what the parents want. The term corporal punishment derives from the Latin word for the "body", corpus. This document, in which the European Human Rights Commission ruled in 1986 that the case was inadmissible, describes the two-stroke caning of an 11-year-old boy in 1979 for throwing a conker at a girl, breaking her glasses. "Bend over!" [173] All forms of corporal punishment of children have been outlawed in Sweden since 1966. Stretching Forward to Learn The Rules authorising this should be repealed. [93][94][95], A 1998 study found that random physical punishment (not proper formal corporal punishment) was being used extensively by teachers in Egypt to punish behavior they regarded as unacceptable. Privately funded schools came a little bit later: 1998 in England and Wales, 2000 in [119] An education ministry survey found that more than 10,000 students received illegal corporal punishment from more than 5,000 teachers across Japan in 2012 fiscal year alone. The ILEA had already put a stop to CP in primary schools with effect from 1973. U. L. Rev. They suggest that student self-governance can be an effective alternative for managing disruptive classroom behaviour, while stressing the importance of adequate training and support for teachers. (5) But the traditional grammar schools, like most of the independent schools, would generally have used the birch until the mid- to late 19th century. As far as is known, corporal punishment was nowhere systematically made a matter of choice either for parents or students, as is nowadays routine in some American schools. [11] And according to the Society for Adolescent Medicine, "The use of corporal punishment in schools promotes a very precarious message: that violence is an acceptable phenomenon in our society. Black students are two to three times as likely as their white peers to experience corporal punishment, and boys make up about 80% of those subjected to the practice. Covers the UK only, with a major emphasis on school CP but also some interesting material about judicial and military juvenile punishments of the past. Corporal punishment in Greek primary schools was banned in 1998, and in secondary schools in 2005. In the case of Christian Education South Africa v Minister of Education the Constitutional Court rejected a claim that the constitutional right to religious freedom entitles private Christian schools to impose corporal punishment. [201], In Scotland, a leather strap, the tawse (sometimes called a belt), administered to the palms of the hands, was universal in state schools,[202][203] but some private schools used the cane. Article 17 states: "(1) No child shall be subjected to physical punishment or mental harassment. In 18 U.S. states, corporal punishment is lawful in both public and private schools. Only 13% of the worlds children Concern had been raised among doctors as long ago as 1934 about the possible medical dangers of caning schoolgirls, who (it was suggested) might well be suffering nervous strain and/or pain already as a consequence of menstruation. Note that the Commission emphasises that such a school caning in a headmaster's study is an entirely different matter from judicial birching of the kind considered in the Isle of Man case, reaffirming once again that corporal punishment is not per se necessarily contrary to the Human Rights Convention. According to one report, corporal punishment is a key reason for school dropouts and subsequently, street children, in Pakistan; as many as 35,000 high school pupils are said to drop out of the education system each year because they have been punished or abused in school. [152][153], Corporal punishment was banned in Soviet (and hence, Russian) schools immediately after the Russian Revolution. The case for indignation on the part of the boy seems somewhat undermined by the evidence that he "subsequently showed off the marks of his punishment to other boys with pride". Reading between the lines, I wonder whether the whole thing was pursued by the mother rather against the boy's wish, and since by the time the case reached Strasbourg he had become an adult, he was able to decide for himself to back out. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In 2014, the Ministry of Human Resources Development issued guidance ("Advisory for Eliminating Corporal Punishment in Schools under Section 35(1) of the RTE Act 2009") which sets out the national law relevant to corporal punishment in schools, the international human rights standards, steps that may be taken to promote positive child ), The state education system in England and Wales used to be highly decentralised, and there were always wide variations of practice between schools, even between different schools of the same kind in the same area. A position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine", "Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Position Statement on corporal punishment", "Memorandum on the Use of Corporal Punishment in Schools", "Legislative assembly questions #0293 - Australian Psychological Society: Punishment and Behaviour Change", "General comment No. WebA key European Court of Human Rights judgment (1982), which hastened the demise of corporal punishment in British state schools. Probably the most significant exception is that gym/PE teachers, at any rate in some boys' secondary schools, would occasionally mete out slipperings in the changing room, where recipients might happen to be in a state of undress at the crucial moment. I think we can probably view this case as the absolutely final and definitive nail in the coffin of school CP in Britain. Another example is this 1937 appeal hearing, in which a headmaster's conviction for assault was overturned, even though the caned boy was said in evidence to be severely bruised. [163] At the secondary level, the rattan strokes are nearly always delivered to the student's clothed buttocks. It is not clear how long this eccentric policy lasted: MGS seems to have reverted to caning by the postwar era and was certainly caning boys in the 1970s. (3) A point of view dating back at least to 1903. [8], The Society for Adolescent Medicine recommends developing "a milieu of effective communication, in which the teacher displays an attitude of respect for the students", as well as instruction that is stimulating and appropriate to student's abilities, various nonviolent behaviour modification techniques, and involving students and parents in making decisions about school matters such as rules and educational goals. [47][48], Legislation also varies among states and territories with regard to corporal punishment meted out to children in other care settings. [150], In 1783, Poland became the first country in the world to prohibit corporal punishment. However, the majority of punishments and main aim of them have remained the same in 2022. [84][80][85], In 2004 (Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada), the Supreme Court of Canada outlawed corporal punishment in all schools, public or private. The medical evidence was that the marks on his bottom were already fading by the following day. (2) Any person who contravenes subsection (1) is guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a sentence which could be imposed for assault.[165]. educational institution in conformity with human dignity and, in that regard, he has the right not to be subjected to corporal or degrading disciplinary measures. The number of strikes must not be more than four for each occurrence. With the troubles with some pupils at some schools that you hear about on the News, the 18 required the act to be done in private; 10 mandated a witness to be present. [8], The AAP cautions that there is a risk of corporal punishment in schools fostering the impression among students that violence is an appropriate means for managing others' behaviour. [155], Corporal punishment of children remains legal in schools, homes, alternative care and day-care centres. Costello-Roberts v United Kingdom [23], Many schools in Singapore and Malaysia use caning for boys as a routine official punishment for misconduct, as also some African countries. A few Christian private schools held out, and fought the ban through the courts, ultimately without success (see links below). [50], Corporal punishment in schools was banned in Austria in 1974. It was not completely abolished everywhere until 1983. [133], In New Zealand's schools, corporal punishment was used commonly on both girls and boys. [123][124][125] There have been reports of students being caned in front of the class/school for lateness, poor grades, being unable to answer questions correctly or forgetting to bring a textbook. WebExtraordinary records reveal how corporal punishment was meted out in our schools Headmaster only permitted to use a 'thin flexible cane' Youngsters were given smacks [82][83] This was used on boys and girls alike. It should also be noted that the Article 2 claim stood up only because there were no alternative non-belting state schools within reach, and the parents in question could not afford private schools. Purley High School for Boys There is no federal law addressing corporal punishment in public or private schools. More informally, the "slipper" -- something of a euphemism: in fact it was normally a big, heavy gym shoe or plimsoll -- was widely used for instant, unofficial discipline over the clothed seat of both sexes (though, again, many more boys than girls), typically in the presence of classmates. Article 34 of the Law on Education 2012 states that students have the right to "(9) respect for human dignity, protection from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury personality, the protection of life and health"; article 43(3) states that "discipline in educational activities is provided on the basis of respect for human dignity of students and teachers" and "application of physical and mental violence to students is not allowed. Two others, Kingston and Richmond, much more sensibly, came close to saying the opposite -- that caning of the hands was strongly discouraged as potentially injurious. [19] Communists in other countries such as Britain took the lead in campaigning against school corporal punishment, which they viewed as a symptom of the decadence of capitalist education systems. [204][205] This was wielded in primary as well as secondary schools for both trivial and serious offences, and girls got belted as well as boys. Webmortarboard and cane corporal punishment - corporal punishment in schools stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images Vintage illustration featuring a schoolboy being caned during a Greek lesson in "The Boy's Own Paper", published in London, circa 1896. See, e.g., Deana A. Pollard, Banning Corporal Punishment: A Constitutional Analysis, 52 Am. Short article in History Today (2012) asserts that it was only in the 1890s that ordinary class teachers gained the right to use CP; before that, only head teachers were legally entitled to do so, under the common-law doctrine of in loco parentis. WebIn the UK, corporal punishment in state-funded schools has been outlawed since 1986. [196] The regular depiction of caning in British novels about school life from the 19th century onwards, as well as movies such as If., which includes a dramatic scene of boys caned by prefects, contributed to the French perception of caning as being central to the British educational system. [177] Corporal punishment (especially caning) on students of both genders remains common[178][179][180][181] and accepted in practice. The case concerned two Scottish boys In Ukraine, "physical or mental violence" against children is forbidden by the Constitution (Art.52.2) and the Law on Education (Art.51.1, since 1991) which states that students and other learners have the right "to the protection from any form of exploitation, physical and psychological violence, actions of pedagogical and other employees who violate the rights or humiliate their honour and dignity". 575 (2003). However, there was one element of "voluntary CP" at some state boys' schools, like Maidenhead Grammar School (as also at some independent schools, such as Emanuel School in London), where it was understood that a student who had accumulated other punishments, such as detentions or impositions, could present himself at the headmaster's office and apply to be "swished" instead. WebSchool corporal punishment: The High School Cane: a Eulogy, a thoughtful comment on the cane's usefulness and efficacy in keeping mischievous teenage schoolboys in order, [13], Britain itself outlawed the practice in 1987 for state schools[14][15][16] and more recently, in 1998, for all private schools.[17][18]. A REPORT AFTER THE INNER LONDON EDUCATION AUTHORITY'S BAN OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT IN ITS SECONDARY SCHOOLS. As of 2019, 32 states and the District of Columbia have banned corporal punishment in public schools, though in some of these there is no explicit prohibition. [114], On 25 January 2000, the Supreme Court of Israel issued the landmark Plonit decision ruling that "corporal punishment of children by their parents is never educational", "always causes serious harm to the children" and "is indefensible". See news reports of 30 Oct 1996, Scottish cases helped to ban the beatings; and also 26 Feb 1982, Parents win right to forbid school caning, in The Archive, and the related video clip on the same page. (At my school he would certainly have got six.) Around 80% of the boys and 60% of the girls were punished by teachers using their hands, sticks, straps, shoes, punches, and kicks as most common methods of administration. [21] In mainland China, corporal punishment in schools was outlawed in 1986,[22] although the practice remains common, especially in rural areas. [127], Caning is commonly used by teachers as a punishment in schools. It depended partly on who was allowed to use the cane: in some places all teachers were permitted to do so, while other schools restricted it to the head and deputy head, or perhaps to senior teachers or heads of department only. The original application was by the boy's mother, who was "horrified" when she saw the "injuries" on Matthew's backside, but it is interesting that he showed them to her only after his sister called attention to them, and he himself had not spontaneously thought the matter worthy of mention upon his arrival home that day. Anyway, the issue was never tested in the Human Rights Court, as the applicant eventually accepted a "friendly settlement", i.e. As reported in these February 2005 news items, the highest court in the land dismissed their claims, upholding government and parliament in the 1998 blanket prohibition of all and any school CP. [210], Schools had to keep a record of punishments inflicted,[211] and there are occasional press reports of examples of these "punishment books" having survived. Corporal punishment in British state schools, and also in private schools receiving any element of public funding, was banned by parliament in 1987. In 2006, Taiwan made corporal punishment in the school system illegal. One education committee, Romford (then in Essex but now part of Greater London), unusually banned public CP in 1961 after six girls were caned in front of 600 schoolmates. It suggests that over a long period the idea that schoolteachers are to be regarded as in effect "substitute parents", and therefore should have the same disciplinary powers in law as parents, became gradually more and more questioned by the public, at least as far as ordinary day schools are concerned (the concept has always seemed to make more sense in relation to boarding schools). It campaigned more against unofficial and irregular CP, as in this Aug 1977 report and this May 1978 one, than against CP as a whole. And as recently as 2012 the co-founder and chairman of the governors of the most high-profile of the then brand-new so-called "Free Schools" said he would happily restore CP if it were allowed. I have heard of at least one Birmingham secondary modern school in the 1960s where this caning allegedly took place "there and then", in front of the members of the "court", but I suspect this, if true, was quite unusual. Examples of punishments (sometimes called sanctions) include: a telling-off. From the 1917 Russian revolution onwards, corporal punishment was outlawed in the Soviet Union, because it was deemed contrary to communist ideology. Common reasons for punishment include talking in class, not finishing homework, mistakes made with classwork, fighting, and truancy. Most secondary schools (whether independent, autonomous or government-controlled), and also some primary schools, use caning to deal with misconduct by boys. ", "Web linnks: corporal punishment in schools", "Supreme Court takes strap out of teachers' hands", "Corporal Punishment ~ Canada's Human Rights History", "New measures taken in schools to improve teacher-student relations", "Colombia country report - Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children", "Kansakoulun perustamisesta 150 vuotta lukemisen pelttiin laiskistavan", "Lasten ruumiillinen kuritus kiellettiin 30 vuotta sitten viel joka neljs tukistaa", "It's 40 years since corporal punishment got a general boot", http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/wp-content/uploads/country-reports/India.pdf, "Corporal punishment against children and the law", "Teacher suspended over video of beating boy", "15-Year-Old Dies By Suicide After Being Beaten Up By Teacher, Suspended From School", "R.R. "I'd pull their tracksuits down and cane their bare bottoms until their cheeks burned red and they wept with pain and shame", she wrote in the influential Daily Mail. It cannot be emphasised too strongly that these are all broad generalisations, to which exceptions could always be found. According to the AAP and the Society for Adolescent Medicine, these injuries have included bruises, abrasions, broken bones, whiplash injury, muscle damage, brain injury, and even death. The law applied to all schools, both public and private. Nowadays, it is explicitly prohibited in sections 2.9 and 3.7 of the Education Act 1998,2 amended 2008: "Corporal punishment or other humiliating forms of treatment must not be used. also constituted "philosophical convictions" and that they were therefore being denied an education in accordance therewith, since no schools are now allowed to use any corporal punishment. [156][157] Harsh caning of girls and boys remains very common in schools. Such documentary evidence as is available tends to show that third-, fourth- and fifth-formers (ages 13 to 16 inclusive) were by far the most frequent beneficiaries. [7][8] Other reported injuries to students include "sciatic nerve damage",[7] "extensive hematomas", and "life-threatening fat hemorrhage". See for instance this Nov 1997 news item about an under-achieving 13-year-old whose parents sent him to school in Ghana, with miraculous results, and this similar Nov 2007 report in which a British 17-year-old, sent away, also to Ghana, to study for his GCSEs, admitted he had been caned there several times and agreed he was benefiting academically from the novel experience of strict discipline. ", "Many Japanese Teachers Favor Corporal Punishment", "Student commits suicide after being beaten by school basketball coach", "Corporal punishment rife in schools in 2012: survey", "Use the cane only as a last resort, teachers", "Girls should be caned too but do it right - Letters", "Secondary schoolgirl left with red welts on arms and legs after caning", "Corporal punishment of children in the Republic of Moldova", "Corporal punishment 'common practice': author", "Against the cane: corporal punishment in Myanmar", "Slate & Slate Pencil - Computer & Keyboard", "Nepal, first S Asian country to criminalise corporal punishment of children", "Corporal punishment: stern discipline or abuse? It is a myth that abolition was overwhelmingly demanded by school pupils themselves. 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